Linguistic analysis of the Quran from the perspective of Oriental studies and its critical evaluation based on the opinions of Muslim scholars

The linguistic study of the Quran from the perspective of orientalists is one of the most important topics in the field of orientalism and Quranic sciences. Many orientalists, including Theodor Noldeke, John Wansbrough, and Christoph Luxenberg, have made claims based on historical and comparative linguistic methods, such as the gradual evolution of the language of the Quran, its influence from Hebrew, Syriac, and Greek, and the existence of linguistic inconsistencies in the text of the Quran. In contrast, Muslim scholars have challenged these views by presenting historical documents, ancient copies of the Quran, syntactic and rhetorical analyses, and interpretive methods.
This research, using analytical-critical and comparative methods, has examined the linguistic foundations of orientalist studies and criticized them from the perspective of Muslim scholars. The necessity of this research stems from the fact that many studies by orientalists, especially in recent centuries, have had a significant impact on the formation of the Western view of the Quran and, in some cases, have even been reflected in academic and media circles in the Islamic world. Therefore, the scientific and critical examination of these views from the perspective of Muslim scholars is of particular importance not only in the field of orientalism, but also in Quranic studies and Islamic sciences. The findings of this research show that the claim of a gradual change in the language of the Quran is based on incorrect historical assumptions and that orientalists have ignored the revelational nature of the language of the Quran and its rhetorical factors and expressive requirements in their analysis. Also, the claim of the Quran being influenced by other languages, without considering the natural commonalities among Semitic languages, lacks a valid scientific basis. The study of ancient manuscripts of the Quran and comparative studies show that the linguistic structure of the Quran has not undergone fundamental changes since the beginning of its revelation and that its unity and textual coherence have been preserved. Finally, this research proves that Orientalist studies are, in many cases, based on flawed argumentative methods and require revision and reform from a methodological and epistemological perspective.