Ayyāshī, Muḥammad bin Mas‘ūd, al-Tafsīr (Tafsīr al-‘Ayyāshī), Tehran: Maktabat al-‘Ilmiyyah al-Islāmiyyah, 1st ed., 1380 AH (1960 CE).
Abū al-Ḥasan al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī (Muslim bin al-Ḥajjāj), Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim (The Authentic Collection of Muslim), ed. Muḥammad Fu’ād ‘Abd al-Bāqī, Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1412 AH (1991 CE).
Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī, Naṣr bin Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-Karīm (The Commentary of the Noble Qur’an), known as Baḥr al-‘Ulūm or Tafsīr al-Samarqandī, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1414 AH (1993 CE).
Baghawī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn bin Mas‘ūd, Ma‘ālim al-Tanzīl (The Landmarks of Revelation), ed. Muḥammad ‘Abdullāh al-Nimr et al., 1st ed., 1409 AH (1988 CE).
Baldick, Julian,‘Asceticism’, EQ(Brill, Leiden – Boston 2023), vol.1
Bayḍāwī, Nāṣir al-Dīn ‘Abdullāh bin ‘Umar, Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Ta’wīl (The Lights of Revelation and the Secrets of Interpretation), ed. Muḥammad ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Mar‘ashlī, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 1st ed., 1418 AH (1997 CE).
Bell, Richard, Introduction to the Qur’an, (Edinburg at The University Press, R & R Clark, 1953).
Böwering, Gerhard, ‘Prayer’, EQ )Brill, Leiden – Boston 2004), Vol.4
Brockelmann, Carl, Tārīkh al-Shu‘ūb al-Islāmiyyah (History of the Islamic Peoples), trans. Nabīh Amīn Fāris & Munīr al-Ba‘labakkī, Beirut: Dār al-‘Ilm li-l-Malāyīn, 5th ed., 1968 CE.
Derreh Ḥaddād, Yūsuf, al-Qur’ān wa al-Kitāb: Aṭwār al-Da‘wah al-Qur’āniyyah (The Qur’an and the Book: The Phases of Qur’anic Preaching), n.p., n.d.
Durant, Will, Tārīkh-i Tamaddun: ‘Aṣr-i Īmān (The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith), trans. Abū al-Qāsim Ṭāhirī, Tehran: Iqbāl–Franklin, 1337 SH (1958 CE).
Fakhr Rāzī, Muḥammad bin ‘Umar, al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr (Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb) (The Grand Commentary: The Keys to the Unseen), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 3rd ed., 1420 AH (1999 CE).
Geiger, Abraham, Judaism and Islam. A Prize Essay, translated by F. M. Young (Printed at The M.D.C.S.P.C.K. Press, and sold at their depository, Vepery, 1898).
Ḥurr ‘Āmilī, Muḥammad bin Ḥasan, Wasā’il al-Shī‘ah ilā Taḥṣīl Masā’il al-Sharī‘ah (The Means of the Shī‘ah to Attain the Matters of the Sharī‘ah), ed. Muḥammad Riḍā Ḥusaynī Jalālī, Qom: 1416 AH (1995 CE).
Ibn ‘Aṭiyyah, ‘Abd al-Ḥaqq bin Ghālib, al-Muḥarrar al-Wajīz fī Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-‘Azīz (The Concise Commentary on the Noble Book), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., 1422 AH (2001 CE).
Ibn Athīr Jazrī, ‘Alī bin Muḥammad, al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh (The Complete History), Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH (1965 CE).
Ibn Kathīr, Ismā‘īl bin ‘Umar, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm (The Exegesis of the Great Qur’an), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., 1419 AH (1998 CE).
Ibn Sulaymān, Muqātil, Tafsīr Muqātil bin Sulaymān, 5 vols., Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 1st ed., 1423 AH (2002 CE).
Jeffery, Arthur, Wājgān Dakhīl dar Qur’ān-i Majīd (Foreign Words in the Noble Qur’an), trans. Farīdūn Badrah’ī, Tehran: Ṭūs Publications, 1383 SH (2004 CE).
Khomeinī, Sayyid Muṣṭafā, Kitāb al-Ṣawm (The Book of Fasting), Tehran: Mu’assasah Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī, n.d.
Māwardī, ‘Alī bin Muḥammad, al-Nukat wa al-‘Uyūn: Tafsīr al-Māwardī (The Subtleties and Insights: Māwardī’s Tafsīr), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Muḥammad ‘Alī Bayḍūn Publications, 1st ed., n.d.
Muir, Sir William, K.C.S.I, The Life of Mohammad from original sources, (A new and revised edition by T. H. Weir, B. D., M.R.A.S), Edinburgh: John grant, 31 George IV. Bridge, 1923
Nöldeke, Theodor, Tārīkh al-Qur’ān (The History of the Qur’an), revised by Friedrich Schwally, Beirut: Konrad-Adenauer Foundation, 1st ed., 2004 CE.
Qurashī Banābī, ‘Alī Akbar, Qāmūs al-Qur’ān (Lexicon of the Qur’an), Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyyah, 6th ed., 1412 AH (1991 CE).
Ṣādiqī Tehrānī, Muḥammad, al-Furqān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān bi al-Qur’ān wa al-Sunnah (The Criterion in Interpreting the Qur’an by the Qur’an and the Sunnah), Qom: Farhang Islāmī, 2nd ed., 1406 AH (1986 CE).
Samarqandī, Naṣr bin Muḥammad, Tafsīr al-Samarqandī al-Musammā Baḥr al-‘Ulūm (The Samarqandī Tafsīr called The Ocean of Sciences), Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1st ed., 1416 AH (1995 CE).
Shinqīṭī, Muḥammad Amīn, Aḍwā’ al-Bayān fī Īḍāḥ al-Qur’ān bi al-Qur’ān (The Lights of Clarification in Explaining the Qur’an by the Qur’an), Beirut: 1st ed., 1427 AH (2006 CE).
Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān bin Aḥmad, al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr: Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm (The Grand Commentary: Exegesis of the Noble Qur’an), Jordan: Dār al-Kitāb al-Thaqāfī, 1st ed., 2008 CE.
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad bin Jarīr, Jāmi‘ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān (The Comprehensive Explanation on the Exegesis of the Qur’an), Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, 1st ed., 1412 AH (1991 CE).
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad bin Jarīr, Tārīkh Ṭabarī (Ṭabarī’s History), trans. Abū al-Qāsim Pāyandah, 1st ed., 1352 SH (1973 CE).
Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn, al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān (The Balance in the Exegesis of the Qur’an), Beirut: Mu’assasat al-A‘lamī li-l-Maṭbū‘āt, 2nd ed., 1390 AH (1970 CE).
Ṭabrisī, Faḍl bin Ḥasan, Tafsīr Majma‘ al-Bayān, ed. Hāshim Rasūlī, Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah, 1408 AH (1987 CE), vol. 7, p. 252.
Tisdall, Rev. W. St. Clair, The Original Sources of The Quran,( Reprint of 1905 edition, New York: E .S. Gorham, 1911)
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad bin Ḥasan, al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qur’ān (The Elucidation on the Exegesis of the Qur’an), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, 1st ed., n.d.
Wagtendonk, Kees, ‘Fasting’, EQ, (Brill, Leiden – Boston 2002), Vol.2
Watt, W. Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, (Oxford at The Clarendon Press, 1956).
Watt, W. Montgomery, Muhammad Prophet and Statesman, (1 th edn, Oxford University Press, 1961).
Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd bin ‘Umar, al-Kashshāf ‘an Ḥaqā’iq Ghawāmiḍ al-Tanzīl (The Revealer of the Truths of the Subtleties of Revelation), Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī, 3rd ed., 1407 AH (1986 CE).
)